By the early 1870s, Blavatsky was involved in the Spiritualist movement; although defending the genuine existence of Spiritualist phenomena, she argued against the mainstream Spiritualist idea that the entities contacted were the spirits of the dead. Beiden hadden in Europa gereisd, spraken en schreven Engels en Koot Hoomi ook nog Frans. She and her husband refused, blackmailing the society with letters that they claimed were written by Blavatsky and which proved that her paranormal abilities were fraudulent. Historian Ronald Hutton described Blavatsky as "one of the century's truly international figures", whose ideas gained "considerable popularity". Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (Russisch: Елена Петровна Блаватская, Jelena Petrovna Blavatskaja), geboren als Jelena Petrovna von Hahn-Rottenstern (Jekaterinoslav (thans Dnjepropetrovsk), 12 augustus (O.S. II. [122] Allegedly encouraged by the Masters, Blavatsky and Olcott established the Miracle Club, through which they facilitated lectures on esoteric themes in New York City. [166], Upon learning that old comrade Emma Coulomb (née Cutting) and her husband had fallen into poverty in Ceylon, Blavatsky invited them to move into her home in Bombay. Voor het grootste deel van dit reisprogramma bestaan, buiten de periodes in Rusland, geen andere bronnen dan haar eigen beweringen in latere geschriften. Het eerste jaar in Adyar bracht Blavstsky vooral door met het schrijven en redigeren van artikelen voor The Theosophist. In die ruimte was een schrijn gewijd aan de Mahatma's, waar zich frequent de Mahatmabrieven materialiseerden. Blavatsky bleef enkele weken in Frankrijk en daarna Groot-Brittannië. Dat is een werk dat in India in de tiende eeuw ontstond en de laatste tantra die in dat land geschreven werd. In publicaties uit theosofische kringen is er sprake van een geadopteerd kind. [307] Washington suggested that Blavatsky generated such controversy because she courted publicity without knowing how to manage it. She began to instruct Olcott in her own occult beliefs, and encouraged by her he became celibate, tee-totaling, and vegetarian, although she herself was unable to commit to the latter. [24] Terwijl plagiaat het stelen van ideeën of woorden is om deze voor eigen werk te laten doorgaan. [92], Blavatsky alleged that she departed Tibet with the mission of proving to the world that the phenomena identified by Spiritualists were objectively real, thus defending Spiritualism against accusations of fraud. Hij was ook betrokken bij de schandalen rond de 'Coulomb' en 'Coues-Collins' zaak. "[268] She stated that the universe emanated from this Divine Principle, with each particle of matter being infused with a spark of the divine. '[9] Harrison zag in zijn rapport af van een finaal oordeel wie de Mahatmabrieven dan wel geschreven had. Blavatsky wrote, in Isis Unveiled, that Spiritualism "alone offers a possible last refuge of compromise between" the "revealed religions and materialistic philosophies". Het eerste deel opent met een aanval op De oorsprong der soorten van Charles Darwin en Physical Basis of Matter van Thomas Huxley, waarbij zij het materialisme van beiden aan de kaak stelt. Vera Petrovna de Zjelikovsky, Blavatsky's zuster, " What I have said, and repeat now, is, that I have stopped in Lamaistic convents; that I have visited Tzi-gadze, the Tashi-Lhünpo territory and its neighbourhood, and that I have been further in, and in such places of Tibet as have never been visited by any other European, and that he can ever hope to visit ". herself alludes to such a connection between the two ‘books’ in the very first lines of Isis Unveiled (vol. [15], As a result of Pyotr's career, the family frequently moved to different parts of the Empire, accompanied by their servants,[16] a mobile childhood that may have influenced Blavatsky's largely nomadic lifestyle in later life. To investigate the unexplained laws of Nature and the powers latent in man. [126] Blavatsky however insisted that Theosophy was not a religion in itself. Op de leeftijd van zeventien jaar huwde zij in juli 1847 met Nikifor Vladimirovich Blavatsky, een man die toen 43 jaar was en vicegouverneur van de provincie Jerevan. [360] Whilst he was willing to give her credit for good motives, at least at the beginning of her career, in his view she ceased to be truthful both to herself and to others with her later "hysterical writings and performances". [127] Theosophists would often argue over how to define Theosophy, with Judge expressing the view that the task was impossible. )/31 juli 1831 – Londen, 8 mei 1891) was een Amerikaanse occultiste en publiciste van Duits-Russische aristocratische afkomst. [9] At the time, Yekaterinoslav was undergoing a cholera epidemic, and her mother contracted the disease shortly after childbirth; despite the expectations of their doctor, both mother and child survived the epidemic. Blavatsky. [131], —Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, 2004. [87] However, as several biographers have noted, traders and pilgrims from neighboring lands were able to access Tibet freely, suggesting the possibility that she would have been allowed to enter accompanied by Morya, particularly if she had been mistaken for an Asian. De Geheime Leer is het belangrijkste boek van Blavatsky en het standaardwerk van de theosofische beweging. In dat klimaat ontstond nieuwe interesse voor andere spirituele aspecten. Higgins, S. (2018). Blavatsky arrived in New York City on 8 July 1873. Via Polen werd teruggekeerd naar Odessa, waar haar moeder in 1842 op de leeftijd van achtentwintig jaar overleed aan tuberculose. Her Life and Work for Theosophy. [289][296] In haar seances maakte Blavatsky gebruik van een door haar op te roepen geestverschijning met de naam John King, die claimde de personificatie te zijn van de geest van Henry Morgan, een boekanier uit de zeventiende eeuw. Zij werd actief in de spiritualistische beweging, die in Noord-Amerika een grote verspreiding had en was medium bij seances. [171] Since the book's publication, there has been much debate as to the authenticity of the letters, with some arguing that they were written by Blavatsky herself, and others believing that they were written by separate individuals. [189], With Blavatsky in Europe, trouble broke out at the society's Adyar headquarters in what became known as the Coulomb Affair. Wel is duidelijk dat zij in 1860 weer in het huis van haar grootvader in Tbilisi aanwezig was. The two-volume book was reviewed for the Pall Mall Gazette by the social reformer Annie Besant; impressed by it, Besant met with Blavatsky and joined the Theosophists. 347-385) a Latin translation of the Sifra Di-Tseniutha. [299] However, by the time that she had authored The Secret Doctrine, she had changed her opinion on this issue, likely influenced by her time in India. In augustus verbleef zij in Duitsland. Although opposed by the British administration, Theosophy spread rapidly in India but experienced internal problems after Blavatsky was accused of producing fraudulent paranormal phenomena. De Geheime Leer Haar belangrijkste werk […] 'Ik weet niet wie de Mahatma Brieven schreef, maar ik vind het niet aannemelijk dat Mw. [5] The accounts of her early life provided by her family members have also been considered dubious by biographers. [170] Sinnett summarised the teachings contained in these letters in his book Esoteric Buddhism (1883), although scholars of Buddhism like Max Müller publicly highlighted that the contents were not Buddhist, and Blavatsky herself disliked the misleading title. De stanza's van Dzyan, die zij tijdens haar perioden in Tibet zou hebben bestudeerd vormen de basis van het werk. Елена Петровна Ган, Jelena Petrovna Gan), tunnetaan myös nimillä Madame Blavatsky ja H. P. B. Blavatsky leefde in deze periode in armoedige omstandigheden en Cutting gaf haar enige financiële ondersteuning. As for Christianity, her main dislike was toward Roman Catholicism and missionary Protestantism. In 1835 verhuisden de moeder en Helena naar Odessa waar haar grootvader Andrei Fadeyev een bestuurlijke functie had gekregen. Koot Hoomi was described as having spent time in London and Leipzig, being fluent in both English and French, and like Morya was a vegetarian. Prolific writer on comparative religion, mythology, and esoteric subjects, and primary founder of the Theosophical Society (TS). De vrouwelijke leden waren: gravin Constance Wachtmeister, Isabel Cooper-Oakley, haar zus Laura Cooper, Emily Kislingbury, Annie Besant en Alice Leighton Cleather. [10] In het rapport vermeldde hij echter meerdere malen de mogelijkheid, dat Blavatsky de brieven geschreven zou hebben tijdens haar vele perioden dat zij in een trance verkeerde. [29] The historian Richard Davenport-Hines described the young Blavatsky as "a petted, wayward, invalid child" who was a "beguiling story-teller". [51] Thus, historian of esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke noted that public knowledge of these travels rests upon "her own largely uncorroborated accounts", which are marred by being "occasionally conflicting in their chronology". [284] Her Theosophical doctrines influenced the spread of Hindu and Buddhist ideas in the West as well as the development of Western esoteric currents like Ariosophy, Anthroposophy, and the New Age Movement. [255] In later life she stated that she was a virgin, although she had been married to two men during her lifetime. However, as she refused to consummate the marriage, Betaneli sued for divorce and returned to Georgia. In 1975 toonde de Nederlandse theosoof Henk Spierenburg aan dat Blavatsky de term Boeken van Kiu-te “overgenomen” moet hebben uit een werk uit 1730 van Francesco della Penna. Daarnaast verspreidde het echtpaar een aantal van de Mahatmabrieven naar de pers met de beschuldiging dat die door Blavatsky zelf geschreven zouden zijn. As a matter of fact, H.P.B. De literaire productie die aan de Mahatma's werd toegeschreven was aanzienlijk. [361], Blavatsky "both incorporated a number of the doctrines of eastern religions into her occultism, and interpreted eastern religions in the light of her occultism", in doing so extending a view of the "mystical East" that had already been popularized through Romanticist poetry. "[275] [23] The Kalmyks were practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism, and it was here that Blavatsky gained her first experience with the religion. [102] She spent time in Bucharest and Paris,[103] before – according to her later claims – Morya instructed her to go to the United States. [160] The magazine soon obtained a large readership, with the management being taken over by Damodar K. Mavalankar, a Theosophist who introduced the idea of referring to the Masters as mahatmas. [237] In later life, she was known for wearing loose robes, and wore many rings on her fingers. [94] She set sail for Egypt aboard the SS Eumonia, but in July 1871 it exploded during the journey; Blavatsky was one of only 16 survivors. At the age of 17, Helena Hahn married Nikifor V. Blavatsky, a Russian military officer and provincial vice-governor, but they separated after She had good relations with certain liberal Protestants, nor did she offer much criticism of her natal Eastern Orthodoxy. In Caïro waren enkele Europese mediums aanwezig. H.P. Adyar, Madras, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1941, p. 477} In a passage in Isis Unveiled, Blavatsky praised the Jews: "Nor should we compel the Jews to do penance for their fathers. [181] She continued to tour the subcontinent, claiming that she then spent time in Sikkim and Tibet, where she visited her teacher's ashram for several days. Er was hernieuwde belangstelling voor stromingen als het swedenborgianisme en mesmerisme. [272] Blavatsky schreef in haar laatste artikel Mijn boeken, dat het 'lasterlijke materiaal dat uit Amerika komt (..) allemaal afkomstig is uit een en dezelfde bron, die aan alle theosofen goed bekend is, een persoon [Coleman] die mij persoonlijk in de laatste twaalf jaar onvermoeibaar heeft aangevallen. Bouton in 1877. For our own part, we regard [Blavatsky] neither as the mouthpiece of hidden seers, nor as a mere vulgar adventuress; we think that she has achieved a title to permanent remembrance as one of the most accomplished, ingenious, and interesting imposters in history. Het eerste wortelras was astraal; het tweede had al meer een fysiek lichaam en leefde in Hyperborea. [118], Drumming up interest for their ideas, Blavatsky and Olcott published a circular letter in Eldridge Gerry Brown's Boston-based Spiritualist publication, The Spiritual Scientist. Na het verschijnen van De Geheime Leer namen de beschuldigingen ten aanzien van dat aspect toe.[20][21]. In 1985 startte Vernon Harrison, een Brits handschriftkundige en professioneel onderzoeker van betwiste documenten, een onderzoek naar het Hodgson Rapport. [132], In 1875, Blavatsky began work on a book outlining her Theosophical worldview, much of which would be written during a stay in the Ithaca home of Hiram Corson, a Professor of English Literature at Cornell University.
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