"Does Māori have a closest relative?" The Hocken Library contains several early journals and notebooks of early missionaries documenting the vagaries of the southern dialect. "Kia ora" (literally "be healthy") is a widely adopted greeting of Māori origin, with the intended meaning of "hello". "Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand". [99], Locative bases can follow the locative particle ki (to, towards) directly, such as runga, above, waho, outside, and placenames (ki Tamaki, to Auckland). Likewise, Dunedin's main research library, the Hocken Collections, has the name Uare Taoka o Hākena rather than the northern (standard) Te Whare Taonga o Hākena. 123–135. All sequences of nonidentical short vowels occur and are phonemically distinct. Vowel length is phonemic; but four of the five long vowels occur in only a handful of word roots, the exception being /aː/. Just how important these visual symbols are may be seen when one considers how much less effective phone conversation is as compared with conversation face to face. There was originally no native writing system for Māori. Its language code in ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ. Current anthropological thinking places their origin in eastern Polynesia, mostly likely from the Southern Cook or Society Islands region, and says that they arrived by deliberate voyages in seagoing canoes[23]—possibly double-hulled, and probably sail-rigged. Some 50,000 people report that they speak the language well or very well; Negation for copulative phrases, topicalized and equative phrases, the ongoing loss of older native speakers who have spearheaded the, complacency brought about by the very existence of the institutions which drove the revival, concerns about quality, with the supply of good teachers never matching demand (even while that demand has been shrinking), excessive regulation and centralised control, which has alienated some of those involved in the movement. [69] As noted above, it has recently become standard in Māori spelling to indicate a long vowel with a macron. In the late 19th century, the colonial governments of New Zealand and its provinces introduced an English-style school system for all New Zealanders. English is the first language of the majority of the population.. (1994), pp. This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. Only a minority of self-professed speakers use Māori as their main language at home. "Bilingual education and the survival of the Maori language". [90] These also combine with the pronouns. "Most of the tribal variation in grammar is a matter of preferences: speakers of one area might prefer one grammatical form to another, but are likely on occasion to use the non-preferred form, and at least to recognise and understand it. [34] In 2014, a survey of students ranging in age from 18 to 24 was conducted; the students were of mixed ethnic backgrounds, ranging from Pākehā to Māori who lived in New Zealand. A fluent speaker of Māori has no problem understanding other dialects. Various types of such languages are employed for different purposes. Attempts to write Māori words using the Latin script began with Captain James Cook and other early explorers, with varying degrees of success. [114], The nucleus whare can be translated as "house", the periphery te is similar to an article "the" and the periphery nei indicates proximity to the speaker. Although "there was a true revival of te reo in the 1980s and early to mid-1990s ... spurred on by the realisation of how few speakers were left, and by the relative abundance of older fluent speakers in both urban neighbourhoods and rural communities", the language has continued to decline. Japanese r). Harlow, Ray (1994). Noun bases include those bases that can take a definite article, but cannot occur as the nucleus of a verbal phrase; for example: ika (fish) or rākau (tree). While the northern river was named the Waitangitāhuna River, the southern river became the Waitakitāhuna-ki-te-Toka, using the more usual southern spelling (ki-te-Toka, "of the south", would be rendered ki-te-Tonga in standard Māori). Language - Language - Pidgins and creoles: Some specialized languages were developed to keep the outsider at bay. Thomas Kendall travelled to London with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower-ranking Ngāpuhi chief) in 1820, during which time further work was done with Professor Lee, who gave phonetic spellings to a written form of the language, which resulted in a definitive orthography based on Northern usage. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Education, language decline and language revitalisation: The case of Maori in New Zealand". Like other Polynesian languages, Māori has three numbers for pronouns and possessives: singular, dual and plural. Punjabi . Many other words such as "whānau" (meaning "family") and "kai" (meaning "food") are also widely understood and used by New Zealanders. Polynesian language spoken by New Zealand Māori, "Te Reo" redirects here. As in many other Polynesian languages, e.g., Hawaiian, the rendering of loanwords from English includes representing every English consonant of the loanword (using the native consonant inventory; English has 24 consonants to 10 for Māori) and breaking up consonant clusters. [109], Demonstratives occur after the noun and have a deictic function, and include tēnei, this (near me), tēnā, that (near you), tērā, that (far from us both), and taua, the aforementioned (anaphoric). However, the number of speakers In the same census, Māori speakers were 3.7 per cent of the total population. The neuter one must be followed by a noun and only occur for singular first, second and third persons. Here are a few reasons why: Free version of Keyword Tool generates up to 750+ long-tail keyword suggestions for every search term [10], The spelling ⟨Maori⟩ (without a macron) is standard in English outside New Zealand in both general and linguistic usage. [100], Personal bases take the personal article a after ki, such as names of people (ki a Hohepa, to Joseph), personified houses, personal pronouns, wai? For older speakers, /u/ is only fronted after /t/; elsewhere it is [u]. [17], An interpreter is on hand at sessions of the New Zealand Parliament for instances when a Member wishes to speak in Māori. Qasim Paganwala. Increasingly New Zealand is referred to by the Māori name Aotearoa ("land of the long white cloud"), though originally this referred only to the North Island. A language is a symbol system. )(1994), pp. [72] Formant frequency analysis distinguish /aĭ/, /aĕ/, /aŏ/, /aŭ/, /oŭ/ as diphthongs.[73]. It has been suggested that the petroglyphs once used by the Māori developed into a script similar to the Rongorongo of Easter Island. Bauer, Winifred; Evans, Te Kareongawai & Parker, William (2001). Some of these phonemes occupy large spaces in the anatomical vowel triangle (actually a trapezoid) of tongue positions. Sign language is most often used in deaf communities, although it is also sometimes used by hearing people when they are unable to communicate verbally. tā tātou karaihe (our class), tō rāua whare (their [dual] house); ā tātou karaihe (our classes). Clark, Ross (1994). It falls preferentially on the first long vowel, on the first diphthong if there is no long vowel (though for some speakers never a final diphthong), and on the first syllable otherwise. Languages are used by human beings to communicate with other human beings. [95] A few nouns lengthen a vowel in the plural, such as wahine (woman); wāhine (women). Occasional and inconsistent vowel-length markings occur in 19th-century manuscripts and newspapers written by Māori, including macron-like diacritics and doubling of letters. As a result, many Māori children failed to learn their ancestral language, and generations of non-Māori-speaking Māori emerged.[28]. For dual and plural subject pronouns, the possessive form is analytical, by just putting the possessive particle (tā/tō for singular objects or ā/ō for plural objects) before the personal pronouns, e.g. Dealings with government agencies may be conducted in Māori, but in practice, this almost always requires interpreters, restricting its everyday use to the limited geographical areas of high Māori fluency, and to more formal occasions, such as during public consultation. Once such a language becomes the first or only language of many people, it must acquire the resources (i.e., the complexity) to respond adequately to all the requirements of a natural language. Just as there are paralinguistic activities such as facial expressions and bodily gestures integrated with and assisting the communicative function of spoken language, so there are vocally produced noises that cannot be regarded as part of any language, though they help in communication and in the expression of feeling. In Sutton (ed.) [19], A 1994 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council[20] in the United Kingdom held the New Zealand Government responsible under the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) for the preservation of the language. [116] If the sentence is topicalized (agent topic, only in non-present sentences) the particle nā begins the sentence (past tense) or the mā (future, imperfective) followed by the agent/subject. Consonants seem to have caused the most difficulty, but medial and final vowels are often missing in early sources. They include: Locative particles (prepositions) refer to position in time and/or space, and include: Possessives fall into one of two classes of prepositions marked by a and o, depending on the dominant versus subordinate relationship between possessor and possessed: ngā tamariki a te matua, the children of the parent but te matua o ngā tamariki, the parent of the children.[106]. and Mea, so-and-so.[100]. However, elsewhere it is sometimes trilled. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Physiological and physical basis of speech, Language and social differentiation and assimilation, The control of language for cultural ends. Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. [9] This orthography continues in use, with only two major changes: the addition of wh to distinguish the voiceless bilabial fricative phoneme from the labio-velar phoneme /w/; and the consistent marking of long vowels. Although they do not involve speech sounds, they have their own grammar, syntax, and morphology. [29] These include: Based on the principles of partnership, Māori-speaking government, general revitalisation and dialectal protective policy, and adequate resourcing, the Waitangi Tribunal has recommended "four fundamental changes":[30], The changes set forth by the Tribunal are merely recommendations; they are not binding upon government. The first Māori TV channel, Aotearoa Television Network (ATN) was available to viewers in the Auckland region from 1996 but lasted for only one year. The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks, 9 October 1769: "we again advancd to the river side with Tupia, who now found that the language of the people was so like his own that he could tolerably well understand them and they him.". [108], The proper article a is used for personal nouns. This survey showed a 62% response saying that te reo Māori was at risk. In the extinct South Island dialects, ng merged with k in many regions. [92] Plurality is marked by various means, including the definite article (singular te, plural ngā),[93] deictic particles "tērā rākau" (that tree), "ērā rākau" (those trees),[94] possessives "taku whare" (my house), "aku whare" (my houses). It is one of Haiti’s official languages (the other being French), and it shows lexical and grammatical features of both French and African languages. It started this period as the predominant language of New Zealand. Estimates of the number of speakers vary: the 1996 census reported 160,000,[45] while other estimates have reported as few as 10,000 fluent adult speakers in 1995 according to the Māori Language Commission. Biggs proposed that historically there were two major dialect groups, North Island and South Island, and that South Island Māori is extinct. The Study of Language By George Yule 4th edition. However, younger Māori speakers tend to aspirate /p, t, k/ as in English. [98] Grammars generally refer to them as "stative verbs". A good deal of sarcasm exploits these contrasts, which are sometimes described under the heading of paralanguage. Other major Eastern Polynesian languages include Hawaiian, Marquesan (languages in the Marquesic subgroup), and the Rapa Nui language of Easter Island.[40][41][42]. All possible CV combinations are grammatical, though wo, who, wu, and whu occur only in a few loanwords from English such as wuru, "wool" and whutuporo, "football".[76]. [9] Māori distinguishes between long and short vowels; modern written texts usually mark the long vowels with a macron. The major differences occur in the pronunciation of words, variation of vocabulary, and idiom. In Sutton (Ed. Biggs, Bruce (1994). Deaf or hard-of-hearing people conversing in American Sign Language (ASL). The subject is usually raised in negative phrases, although this is not obligatory. The consonant phonemes of Māori are listed in the following table. [35], The use of the Māori language in the Māori diaspora is far lower than in New Zealand itself. [39], Comparative linguists classify Māori as a Polynesian language; specifically as an Eastern Polynesian language belonging to the Tahitic subgroup, which includes Cook Islands Māori, spoken in the southern Cook Islands, and Tahitian, spoken in Tahiti and the Society Islands. By the 1980s, Māori leaders had begun to recognise the dangers of the loss of their language, and initiated Māori-language recovery-programs such as the Kōhanga Reo movement, which from 1982 immersed infants in Māori from infancy to school age. Even many of those people no longer spoke Māori in their homes. [134] It can also mean "thank you", or signify agreement with a speaker at a meeting. Census data from Australia show it as the home language of 11,747, just 8.2% of the total Australian Māori population in 2016. [57][58] Most media now use macrons; Stuff websites and newspapers since 2017,[59] TVNZ[60] and NZME websites and newspapers since 2018. How does someone become the last known speaker of a language? Although any short vowel combinations are possible, researchers disagree on which combinations constitute diphthongs. Arabic is one of the oldest languages and has provided the roots to commonly used words and phrases in recent languages. Harlow, Ray (1994). Smith, G. H. (2000). These agent topicalizing particles can contract with singular personal pronouns and vary according to the possessive classes: nāku can be thought of as meaning "as for me" and behave like an emphatic or dative pronoun. Surveys from 2018 indicated that "the Māori language currently enjoys a high status in Māori society and also positive acceptance by the majority of non-Māori New Zealanders". Thus Kāi Tahu and Ngāi Tahu are variations in the name of the same iwi (the latter form is the one used in acts of Parliament). New Zealand Post recognises Māori place-names in postal addresses. Mātou refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to ("I and some others but not you"), and tātou refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to and everyone else ("you, I and others"):[111], The possessive pronouns vary according to person, number, clusivity, and possessive class (a class or o class). A well-known example is Tok Pisin, a creole spoken in Papua New Guinea … Some people have tried to trace the origin of language itself to them. [61], Technical limitations in producing macronised vowels on typewriters and older computer systems are sometimes resolved by using a diaeresis instead of a macron (e.g., Mäori).[62].
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