Learn how and when to remove this template message, Pacific Islands home front during World War II, Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea, chain of earthquakes hit Papua New Guinea, "Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): a review of recent research", "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australian and Papua New Guinean Populations", "Early humans lived in PNG highlands 50,000 years ago", http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument, http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_291.asp, http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_340.asp, http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_345.asp, http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/23/new-guinea-offensive/, Australia's interest in Bougainville's independence is far from locals' wishes", Bougainville makes first preparations for referendum, "Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots", "Papua New Guinea earthquake: UN pulls out aid workers from violence-hit region", "Papua New Guinea earthquake: anger grows among 'forgotten victims, U.S. State Department Background Note: Papua New Guinea, The Royal Papua and New Guinea Constabulary a Pictorial History Web Page 1885-1975, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Papua_New_Guinea&oldid=1007874758, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2007, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 10:49. The territories were combined and called the Territory of Papua and New Guinea (PNG). Following the passage of the Papua Act of 1905, British New Guinea became the Territory of Papua, and formal Australian administration began in 1906. The British take control over southern New Guinea while Germany controls the northern part. Papua is probably derived from the Malay word papuwah ("fuzzy hair"). In July 1988, a no-confidence vote toppled Wingti and brought to power Rabbie Namaliu, who a few weeks earlier had replaced Somare as leader of the Pangu Party. As noted, it was later joined in an administrative union with New Guinea during 1945-46 following the surrender of Japan, and Papua New Guinea was born. The Toughest Fighting in the World: The Australian and American Campaign for New Guinea in Worl… Control of British New Guinea transferred to the newly independent Commonwealth of Australia and renamed Territory of Papua. A coalition, headed by Wingti, was victorious in very close elections in July 1987. As part of the current peace settlement, a referendum on independence is planned to be held in Bougainville sometime before mid-2020. Autonomy in internal affairs came nine years later, and in Sept. 1975, Papua New Guinea … In 1545, a Spanish explorer called the island Nueva Guinea .In 1884, the western half of New Guinea was officially recognized as Dutch New Guinea, the northeastern section became German New Guinea, and the southeastern quarter became British New Guinea. The design was chosen through a nationwide design competition in early 1971. Although the first arrivals were hunters and gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed the forest environment to provide food. The autonomous Bougainville elected Joseph Kabui as president in 2005, who served until his death in 2008. The incumbent Prime Minister, Peter O’Neill, came into office in 2011. This gallery contains 8 photos. Papua New Guinea - Papua New Guinea - The colonial period: Malay and possibly Chinese traders took spoils and some slaves from western New Guinea for hundreds of years. A regional peace-monitoring force and a UN observer mission monitors the government and provincial leaders who have established an interim administration and are working toward complete surrender of weapons, the election of a provincial government and an eventual referendum on independence. © Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority. The country joined the United Nations (UN) on 10 October 1975 by way of Security Council Resolution 375 and General Assembly resolution 3368. Skip to secondary content. The 1982 elections increased Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as prime minister. Thousands of local workers were hired as cheap labor on cocoa and copra plantations. A plethora of political parties, coalition governments, shifting party loyalties and motions of no confidence in the leadership all lend an air of instability to political proceedings. Australia administered it separately under the Papua Act until it was invaded by the Empire of Japan in 1941, and civil administration suspended. In 1526–1527 the Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes accidentally came upon the principal island and is credited with naming it "Papua", after a Malay word for the frizzled quality of Melanesian people's hair. On November 6, 1884, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the southern coast of New Guinea (the area called Papua) and its adjacent islands. Under legislation intended to enhance stability, new governments remain immune from no-confidence votes for the first 18 months of their incumbency. [19][20] On the same year, Papua New Guinea asked various southeast Asian nations for their support for Papua New Guinea's full membership bid in the ASEAN. The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 formally approved the placing of New Guinea under the international trusteeship system and confirmed the administrative union under the title of The Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Discover how you can spread the hope of Christ in PNG through children and youth, church, education, and medical ministries! Papua New Guinea's national marine animal is Dugong. An exception is the record of the Akmana Gold Prospecting Company's Field Party which carried out two expeditions from September to December 1929 and from mid February to the end of June 1930. Don Jorge de Meneses, a Portuguese explorer, is credited with the European discovery of the principal island of Papua New Guinea in around 1526-27. During World War II New Ireland was occupied by Japanese forces from January 1942 until September 1945. The Japanese were driven back. Much of this material is based on the author's Short History of Papua New Guinea, but it has been revised and updated, and edited to make it more suitable for students. Papua New Guinea: History. [11] Local Papuans, called Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels by the Australians, assisted and escorted injured Australian troops down the Kokoda trail. Relationships with foreign powers were retained as the preserve of the German government. A peace agreement between the Government and ex-combatants was signed in August 2001 on the condition that a referendum on Bougainville's political status would be held within twenty years. There also are indications of neolithic gardening having been practiced at Kuk at the same time that agriculture was developing in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The prehistory of Papua New Guinea can be traced to about 50,000 - 60,000 years ago, when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. Eighteenth Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, … The party returned to Madang, sailing for Sydney on 3 July 1930. However, Christian-majority Philippines and Buddhist-majority Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia have expressed displeasure over Papua New Guinea's anti-LGBT laws, stating that equality-friendly Timor-Leste would most likely be a more feasible ASEAN member state in the future. Australian colonial administration continued until Papua New Guinea became independent in September 1975. [21][22], Exploration of Mandated Territory of New Guinea, Ernest Alfred Shepherd, 'Akmana: A new name in the continuing story of New Guinea exploration' "Pacific Islands Monthly" April 1971 pp. New Guinea was basically a business venture. Papua New Guinea - History. Retracing their steps to the Arrabundio they then headed out across another spur of the Central Mountain Range to the Junction of the Yuat River with the Jimmi and Baiyer Rivers, again without finding gold in sufficient quantity. They were descendants of migrants out of Africa, in one of the early waves of human migration. In 1899, the German imperial government assumed direct control of the territory, thereafter known as German New Guinea. The discovery of Papua New Guinea started in the 16 th century when people from Europe – Portuguese, were sailing around the Pacific Ocean. Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. These contacts were often with the help of Drybow/Dribu, a leader and spokesman of the wig–men, a most intelligent man of goodwill, with a quiet authority that brought forth friendly cooperation. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theatre. Shepherd presented another wig to Father Kirschbaum, who wanted to send it to Germany. The prehistory of Papua New Guinea can be traced to about 50,000 - 60,000 years ago, when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. Under legislation intended to enhance stability, new governments remain immune from no-confidence votes for the first 18 months of their incumbency. In the many years since, there have been quite a few reports of prospecting parties in the area. Current records at the Australian Museum show that Beazley's wig, described as "a cap composed of human hair from the headwaters of the U–at River, Central Mountains, Mandated Territory of NG", was lodged on 31 January 1930, presumably on his quick visit to Sydney after the first expedition. Since the country achieved independence in 1975, one of its principal challenges has been the difficulty of governing many hundreds of diverse, once-isolated local societies as a viable single nation. H. N. Nelson, 'Cleland, Sir Donald Mackinnon (1901–1975)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13, Melbourne University Press, 1993, pp 440–441. Education was in the hands of missionaries. '[8], 'Members of the Akmana party donated wigs they had brought back to various museums. Posts about Papua New Guinea history written by Veronica Peek. There was little economic activity in Papua. The possession was placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1902. Beazley also prospected the Arrabundio for gold and on his promising report to Freeman, Akmana Gold Prospecting Coy was floated in 1928. Category Archives: Papua New Guinea history Postcards from Port Moresby 1973-1975 Gallery. 1884. The 1982 elections increased Pangu's plurality, and parliament again chose Somare as Prime Minister. The bitter Battle of Buna-Gona followed in which Australian and United States forces attacked the main Japanese beachheads in New Guinea, at Buna, Sanananda and Gona. Australia granted limited home rule in 1951. This difference in legal status meant that Papua and New Guinea had entirely separate administrations, both controlled by Australia. (p. 269) In the past, headhunting and cannibalism occurred in many parts of what is now named Papua New Guinea. A peace agreement between the Government and ex-combatants was signed in August 2001. The islands that constitute Papua New Guinea were settled over a period of 40,000 years by the mixture of peoples who are generally referred to as Melanesians. Red and black have long been traditional colours of many Papua New Guinean tribes. Today's staples – sweet potatoes and pigs – were later arrivals, but shellfish and fish have long been mainstays of coastal dwellers' diets. Internal transport consists of a few secondary coastal roads, riverboats, and airways, with the latter becoming increasingly important. The plantations were given to Australian war veterans and in 1921 the League of Nations gave Australia a trusteeship over New Guinea. Cash crops in Papua New Guinea include coffee, cacao, copra, palm oil, tea, and rubber; skyjack tuna, prawns, and timber are also exported. Some 300 years ago, the sweet potato entered New Guinea with its far higher crop yields, transforming traditional agriculture. The rebellion began in early 1989, over opposition to the world’s largest open-cut copper mine, Panguna mine. Papua New Guinea is an island country that lies in the south-western Pacific. [14] The Supreme Commander of operations was the United States General Douglas MacArthur, with Australian General Thomas Blamey taking a direct role in planning and operations being essentially directed by staff at New Guinea Force headquarters in Port Moresby. The Act provided for a Legislative Council (established in 1951), a judicial organization, a public service, and a system of local government, with Sir Donald Cleland as administrator. After World War I, Australia was given a mandate to administer the former German New Guinea by the League of Nations. Our ancient inhabitants are believed to have arrived in Papua New Guinea about 50-60,000 years ago from Southeast Asia during an Ice Age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands was shorter. They prospected south along the Baiyer River to its junction with the Maramuni and Tarua Rivers, where they established a palisaded forward camp naming the place 'Akmana Junction.' Its mainland on the island of New Guinea is bordered by Indonesia.Papua New Guinea shares maritime borders with Australia, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia ().Major islands are New Britain, Latangai, Bougainville, Around 9000 years ago, Papua New Guineans began cultivating local crops, becoming some of the world’s earliest farmers. However, his government lost a vote of confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by Sir Julius Chan as prime minister. Make the most of your Papua New Guinea journey by planning ahead. In 1972, the name of the territory was changed to Papua New Guinea. During the war, Papua was governed by a military administration from Port Moresby, where Gen. Douglas MacArthur occasionally made his headquarters. 1906. The Akmana Gold Prospecting Field Party made contact with many peoples they called: grass country people, head hunters, pygmies, wig–men, Kanakas, Poomani. The country joined the United Nations (UN) on 10 October 1975 … The New Guinea campaign opened with the battles for New Britain and New Ireland in the Territory of New Guinea in 1942. Search. During his time here, Leahy documented his expedition in a daily journal and also captured an amazing series of photographs that were later discovered in 1983 by Australian writers and filmmakers Bob Connolly and Robyn Anderson. In the hoist, it depicts the Southern Cross; in the fly, a raggiana bird-of-paradise is silhouetted. A list of tour operators and travel agents who can arrange Historic Tours. Most of West Papua, at that time known as Dutch New Guinea, was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea (the former German New Guinea, which was also under Australian rule after World War I), but Papua was protected to a large extent by its southern location and the near-impassable Owen Stanley Ranges to the north. Anti-Chinese rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009. Although human habitation of the island of New Guinea extends back some 40000 years, recorded history is very recent and in some cases goes back only a few decades. Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial monopoly in the islands led to the rioting. Returning to Madang at the end of December 1929, several of the party went back to Sydney to obtain instructions from the Akmana Gold Prospecting Company. Papua New Guinea's history is strewn with stories of struggle in paradise. A Brief History of Papua New Guinea The first humans in the area arrived from Asia some 60,000 years ago, settling the coasts and lower elevations of the Highlands. Papua New Guinea : History. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea perhaps 60,000 years ago, although this is under debate. [16] The House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea replaced the Legislative Council in 1963, and after elections on 15 February, opened on 8 June 1964. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. A number of Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early 16th century were probably the first Europeans to sight Papua New Guinea. In 1884, Germany formally took possession of the northeast quarter of the island and put its administration in the hands of a chartered company. The British Government, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the Territory of New Guinea in 1920. Papua New Guinea is sometimes used here for all of east New Guinea before that became the official name in 1971. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 17th century. The Spaniard Yñigo Ortiz de Retez applied the term "New Guinea" to the island in 1545 because of a perceived resemblance between the islands' inhabitants and those found on the African Guinea coast. History of Papua New Guinea. Finally they prospected the Tarua River south past the tributary which flows to Waipai, once more without success and on the advice of mining engineer Seale, it was decided there was nothing to justify further exploration. The plantations and gold mining generated a degree of prosperity.[5]. The 1977 national elections confirmed Michael Somare as Prime Minister at the head of a coalition led by the Pangu Party. Its neighbours include Indonesia to the west, Australia to the south and Solomon Islands to the south-east. The New Guinea campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War. Papua, by contrast, was deemed to be an External Territory of the Australian Commonwealth, though as a matter of law it remained a British possession, an issue that had significance for the country's post-Independence legal system after 1975. [citation needed], From February to March 2018, a chain of earthquakes hit Papua New Guinea, causing various damages. In 1883, the Colony of Queensland tried to annex the southern half of eastern New Guinea, but the British government did not approve. [1][2] They came probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an Ice Age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. These two went on to make the award winning documentary, First Contact. A distinguishing feature of this book is the detailed account of the 25 years since independence in 1975. They traded along the coast (mainly in pottery, shell ornaments and foodstuffs) and in the interior (exchanging forest products for shells and other sea products). During their first expedition the Akmana Field Party prospected the tributaries of the Arrabundio and then trekked across a spur of the Central Mountain Range to sample the Upper Karrawaddi River. [13] The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. Papua New Guinea became self-governing on 1 December 1973 and achieved independence on 16 September 1975. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of Papua. However, once a person embraces Christ, they often struggle to stop worshiping and fearing the other spirits. The monarchy of Papua New Guinea is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Papua New Guinea.The current monarch, since 16 September 1975, is Queen Elizabeth II. 1945, the two territories continued under one administration as Papua-New Guinea, from 1949 as Papua and New Guinea, and from 1971 as Papua New Guinea. When Europeans first arrived, inhabitants of New Guinea and nearby islands, whose technologies included bone, wood, and stone tools, had a productive agricultural system. [15] Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the largely Australian force and the Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Japanese surrender in 1945. However, his government lost a vote of confidence in 1980 and was replaced by a new cabinet headed by Sir Julius Chan as Prime Minister. Much of the Territory of New Guinea, including the islands of Bougainville and New Britain, was occupied by Japanese forces before being recaptured by Australian and American forces during the final months of the war (see New Guinea campaign). [10] Having had their initial effort to capture Port Moresby by a seaborne invasion disrupted by the U.S. Navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese attempted a landward invasion from the north via the Kokoda Trail. It was administered under this mandate until the Japanese invasion in December 1941 brought about the suspension of Australian civil administration. It includes the eastern half of New Guinea and many small offshore islands. Colonial Days in Papua New Guinea Selected for inclusion in perpetuity in the National Library of Australia's Pandora Archive. Although European navigators visited and explored the New Guinea islands for the next 170 years, we kept pretty much to ourselves until the late 19th century. 1906 - Control of British New Guinea transferred to the newly independent Commonwealth of Australia and renamed Territory of Papua. Following the surrender of the Japanese in 1945, civil administration of Papua as well as New Guinea was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, 1945-46, Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union to become the country of Papua New Guinea. After being liberated by the Australians in 1945, it became a United Nations trusteeship, administered by Australia. Many of these people have been doers, not recorders of facts, with the result that our knowledge of the territory's exploration has not kept pace with the exploration itself.'[6]. 'We made a peaceful entry into this new country, establishing a reputation for fair trade and decent behaviour ... but gold was our interest and we had traced the rivers and tributaries as far as practicable where conditions and results justified the effort and found nothing worthwhile. The first known Europeans to sight New Guinea were probably the Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailing in the South Pacific in the early part of the 16th century. On 9 November 1942, Eighth Area Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. Hitoshi Imamura, opened on Rabaul. Approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian and American soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the New Guinea Campaign. Leahy and his brother Dan looked for gold and explored in the highlands for four years together with Patrol Officer James Taylor. English is the main language of government and commerce. Indonesia supported the bid after Papua New Guinea supported Indonesia's hold on its Papua region. But nothing of note has been reported: So we did not leave much behind, it seems. From this base they prospected along the Maramuni River and its tributaries, again without success. Preparations were underway in 2015. The Commonwealth of Australia assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the former German territory of New Guinea in 1920. In the charter granted to this company by the German Imperial Government in May 1885, it was given the power to exercise sovereign rights over the territory and other "unoccupied" lands in the name of the government, and the ability to "negotiate" directly with the native inhabitants. They had all served overseas during World War I with the AIF on the western front, in Egypt and the Levant and had previously been to New Guinea. The government and rebels negotiated a peace agreement that established the Bougainville Autonomous District and Province. In early June 2012, Australia and New Zealand sent troops to Papua New Guinea to help keep order in general elections. Later arrivals had to contest with hardened pioneers: these idyllic islands and emerald forests were notoriously tainted with tales of cannibalism. The national bird of Papua New Guinea is the Raggiana bird of paradise. Although European navigators visited the islands and explored their coastlines thereafter, European researchers knew little of the inhabitants until the 1870s, when Russian anthropologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai made a number of expeditions to New Guinea, spending several years living among native tribes, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise. Home; Posted on September 11, 2015 by Veronica Peek. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. Two of them went to The Australian Museum, Sydney (from Beazley and Shepherd). It became part of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea declared in 1921 by the League of Nations and administered by Australia. In November 1985, the Somare government lost another vote of no confidence, and the parliamentary majority elected Paias Wingti, at the head of a five-party coalition, as Prime Minister. He was succeeded by his deputy John Tabinaman as acting president while an election to fill the unexpired term was organised. With Europe's growing need for coconut oil, Godeffroy's of Hamburg, the largest trading firm in the Pacific, began trading for copra in the New Guinea Islands. The Administration of Papua became open to United Nations oversight. The name Papua New Guinea was adopted by the new nation at independence. PAPUA NEW GUINEA, OCCUPATION AND WORLD WARS. In 1914 when the First World War broke out Australia seized the German colony.
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