[54] Persons in these latter categories would be killed even if married to non-Jews. He outlined categories of people who would not be killed. The purpose of the conference, called by the director of the Reich Main Security Office SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, was to ensure the co-operation of administrative leaders of … Some invitees were involved in these preparations, so Heydrich postponed his meeting. [60] Eichmann recorded that Heydrich was pleased with the course of the meeting. [64] Copies of the minutes (known from the German word for "minutes" as the "Wannsee Protocol"[e]) were sent by Eichmann to all the participants after the meeting. [52] A "Mischling of the second degree" (a person with one Jewish grandparent) would be treated as German, unless he or she was married to a Jew or a Mischling of the first degree, had a "racially especially undesirable appearance that marks him outwardly as a Jew",[53] or had a "political record that shows that he feels and behaves like a Jew". At the time of the Wannsee Conference, most participants were already aware that the Nazi regime had engaged in mass murder of Jews and other civilians in the German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union and in Serbia. Metropol, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-926893-12-5. [7] The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of German or related blood were defined as citizens; thus, Jews and other minority groups were stripped of their German citizenship. Leaders were given briefings about the need to be "severe" and "firm"; all Jews were to be viewed as potential enemies that had to be dealt with ruthlessly. None of the officials present at the meeting objected to the "Final Solution" policy that Heydrich announced. In a letter dated 2 July 1941, Heydrich communicated to his SS and Police Leaders that the Einsatzgruppen were to execute Comintern officials, ranking members of the Communist Party, extremist and radical Communist Party members, people's commissars, and Jews in party and government posts. At the Wannsee Conference, Heydrich emphasised that once the deportation process was complete, the fate of the deportees would become an internal matter under the purview of the SS. [68] Observations from historian Laurence Rees support Longerich's position that the decision over the fate of the Jews was determined before the conference; Rees notes that the Wannsee Conference was really a meeting of "second-level functionaries", and stresses that neither Himmler, Goebbels, nor Hitler were present. Representing the SS at the Wannsee Conference were: Representing the agencies of the State were: Not present at the meeting were representatives of the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) and the Reich Railroads (Reichsbahn) in the German Ministry of Transportation. [56] The Hungarian regime of Miklós Horthy continued to resist German interference in its Jewish policy until the spring of 1944, when the Wehrmacht invaded Hungary. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center, SS Major General Heinrich Müller, chief of RSHA Department IV (, SS Colonel Eberhard Schöngarth, commander of the RSHA field office for the Government General in Krakow, Poland, SS Major Rudolf Lange, commander of RSHA Einsatzkommando 2, deployed in Latvia in the autumn of 1941. [49] Heydrich said that to avoid legal and political difficulties, it was important to define who was a Jew for the purposes of "evacuation". [52] Such persons would be sterilised or deported if they refused sterilisation. He said at his trial: "How shall I put it – certain over-plain talk and jargon expressions had to be rendered into office language by me". Jews over 65 years old, and Jewish World War I veterans who had been severely wounded or who had won the Iron Cross, might be sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp instead of being killed. [37], The war was still ongoing, and since transporting masses of people into a combat zone was impossible, Heydrich decided that the Jews currently living in the General Government (the German-occupied area of Poland) would be killed in extermination camps set up in occupied areas of Poland, as would Jews from the rest of Europe. [35][a] At the Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941 he met with top party officials and made his intentions plain. films en VF ou VOSTFR et bien sûr en HD. [32] He changed the venue on 4 December to the eventual location of the meeting. [72], Eichmann's biographer David Cesarani agrees with Longerich's interpretation; he notes that Heydrich's main purpose was to impose his own authority on the various ministries and agencies involved in Jewish policy matters, and to avoid any repetition of the disputes that had arisen earlier in the annihilation campaign. Countries were listed in two groups, "A" and "B". [28] By August the net had been widened to include women, children, and the elderly—the entire Jewish population. [36] On 18 December, Hitler discussed the fate of the Jews with Himmler in the Wolfsschanze. Heydrich convened the Wannsee Conference. It was used as evidence in the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials. The Wannsee Conference (German: Wannseekonferenz) was a meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and Schutzstaffel (SS) leaders, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942. Juni 1942 wurde nach dem Prager Attentat auf Heydrich der tschechische Ort Lidice (deutsch Liditz) von der SS dem Erdboden gleichgemacht. SS Major General Otto Hofmann, the chief of SS Race and Settlement Main Office. Jahrhundert bis heute. "A" countries were those under direct Reich control or occupation (or partially occupied and quiescent, in the case of Vichy France); "B" countries were allied or client states, neutral, or at war with Germany. The ministries to be represented were Interior, Justice, the Four-year plan, Propaganda, and the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Legalized discrimination against Jews in Germany began immediately after the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933. The Wannsee Conference was a high-level meeting of German officials to discuss and implement the so-called “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” (mass killing). [18][31] European Jews would be deported to occupied parts of Russia, where they would be worked to death in road-building projects. [61] "The gentlemen were standing together, or sitting together", Eichmann said, "and were discussing the subject quite bluntly, quite differently from the language which I had to use later in the record. Despite the euphemisms which appeared in the protocols of the meeting, the aim of the Wannsee Conference was clear to its participants: to further the coordination of a policy aimed at the physical annihilation of the European Jews. Ullstein, München 2002, ISBN 3-548-36403-9. The building was in use as a school, and funding was not available. [30] The initial plan was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union. [51], Heydrich went on to say that in the course of the "practical execution of the final solution", Europe would be "combed through from west to east", but that Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia would have priority, "due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities". In addition to leaders of Polish society, they killed Jews, prostitutes, Romani people, and the mentally ill.[15][16], On 31 July 1941, Hermann Göring gave written authorization to SS-Obergruppenführer (Senior Group Leader) Reinhard Heydrich, Chief of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. Very soon, 600,000 Jews of Hungary (and parts of Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia occupied by Hungary) were sent to their deaths by Eichmann, with the collaboration of Hungarian authorities. [10][11], After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia should be destroyed. Das Online-Portal zur deutschen Geschichte vom 19. Despondent at the failure of the project, and the West German government's failure to pursue and convict Nazi war criminals, Wulf committed suicide in 1974. [3], Discrimination against Jews, long-standing, but extra-legal, throughout much of Europe at the time, was codified in Germany immediately after the Nazi seizure of power on 30 January 1933. [49], German historian Peter Longerich notes that vague orders couched in terminology that had a specific meaning for members of the regime were common, especially when people were being ordered to carry out criminal activities. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks and boycotts of their businesses. [29] By the time planning was underway for the Wannsee Conference, hundreds of thousands of Polish, Serbian, and Russian Jews had already been killed. "With this expedient solution", he said, "in one fell swoop, many interventions will be prevented. [71] Their presence at the meeting also ensured that all those present were accomplices and accessories to the murders that were about to be undertaken. Wählen Sie aus den über 30 Bootstouren und erkunden Sie ganz Berlin mit dem Schiff vom Wasser aus! Any final remnant that survives will doubtless consist of the elements most capable of resistance. [39], Heydrich invited representatives from several government ministries, including state secretaries from the Foreign Office, the Justice, Interior, and State Ministries, and representatives from the SS. Others were aware that units of the German Army and the SS and police were killing Jews in Serbia. Right from the start of Operation Barbarossa—the invasion of the Soviet Union—Einsatzgruppen were assigned to follow the army into the conquered areas and round up and kill Jews. It was found by Robert Kempner in March 1947 among files that had been seized from the German Foreign Office. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust, On January 20, 1942, 15 high-ranking Nazi Party and German government officials gathered at a villa in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to discuss and coordinate the implementation of what they called the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question.". He had expected a lot of resistance, Eichmann recalled, but instead, he had found "an atmosphere not only of agreement on the part of the participants, but more than that, one could feel an agreement which had assumed a form which had not been expected". [18] The minutes of the Wannsee Conference estimated the Jewish population of the Soviet Union to be five million, including nearly three million in Ukraine. The enormous importance which has been attached to the conference by post-war writers was not evident to most of its participants at the time. [5] Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Heydrich did not call the meeting to make fundamental new decisions on the Jewish question. [37] Following the meeting, Himmler made a note on his service calendar, which simply stated: "Jewish question/to be destroyed as partisans". Januar 2017 ebenfalls an die Wannsee-Konferenz. [55], At the conclusion of the meeting Heydrich gave Eichmann firm instructions about what was to appear in the minutes. [27] Open-ended instructions were given to execute "other radical elements (saboteurs, propagandists, snipers, assassins, agitators, etc.)". [58] "In order to settle the question in Hungary", Heydrich said, "it will soon be necessary to force an adviser for Jewish questions onto the Hungarian government". On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, causing the U.S. to declare war on Japan the next day. [59], Heydrich spoke for nearly an hour. [12] The Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen (Special Prosecution Book Poland)—lists of people to be killed—had been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939. The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, racial hygiene, and eugenics and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people. He said that between 1933 and October 1941, 537,000 German, Austrian, and Czech Jews had emigrated. The purpose of the conference, called by the director of the Reich Main Security Office SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, was to ensure the co-operation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of the Final solution to the Jewish question (German: Endlösung der Judenfrage), whereby most of the Jews of German-occupied Europe would be deported to occupied Poland and murdered. [32] He enclosed a copy of a letter from Göring dated 31 July that authorised him to plan a so-called Final solution to the Jewish question. [69] According to Longerich, a primary goal of the meeting was to emphasise that once the deportations had been completed, the fate of the deportees became an internal matter of the SS, totally outside the purview of any other agency. [47], Heydrich reported that there were approximately eleven million Jews in the whole of Europe, of whom half were in countries not under German control. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Dr. Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Dr. Alfred Rosenberg, Office of the Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan, Reich Minister and head of the Reich Chancellery SS-, This page was last edited on 29 March 2021, at 23:15. The SS envisioned that some 11 million Jews, some of them not living on German-controlled territory, would be eradicated as part of the Nazi program. [27] He instructed that any pogroms spontaneously initiated by the occupants of the conquered territories were to be quietly encouraged. [30][67] The decision to exterminate the Jews had already been made, and Heydrich, as Himmler's emissary, held the meeting to ensure the cooperation of the various departments in conducting the deportations. Reich government declared war on the U.S. Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wannsee_Conference&oldid=1014959241, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Head of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office (, Commander of the SiPo and the SD in the General Government. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, their status had been left deliberately ambiguous. [41], In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted a list of the numbers of Jews in the various European countries. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Heydrich assured him that this was already the policy; such Jews would not be killed. Am 10. State Secretary Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice), Ministerial Director Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet), State Secretary Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR), Ministerial Director Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories), Undersecretary of State Martin Luther (Foreign Office), State Secretary Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior), State Secretary Erich Naumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), State Secretary Josef Bühler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland), Ministerial Director Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery), to inform and secure support from government ministries and other interested agencies relevant to the implementation of the “Final Solution”, to disclose to the participants that Hitler himself had tasked Heydrich and the RSHA with coordinating the operation. Similar legislation soon deprived other Jews of the right to practise their professions. At a meeting of 17 ministerial representatives held at the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories on 29 January, it decided that in the eastern territories, all. Mark Roseman, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002). [48], Under proper guidance, in the course of the final solution the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Wie die NS-Bürokratie den Holocaust organisierte. On 5 December 1941, the Soviet Army began a counter-offensive in front of Moscow, ending the prospect of a rapid conquest of the Soviet Union. 3 The SS envisioned that some 11 million Jews, some of them not living on German-controlled territory, … For Jews residing in the Greater German Reich and holding the status of subjects of the German Reich, the Nuremberg Laws would serve as a basis for determining who was a Jew. On 31 July 1941, Hermann Göring gave written authorization to Heydrich to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. [53] In the case of mixed marriages, Heydrich recommended that each case should be evaluated individually, and the impact on any German relatives assessed. [54] These exemptions applied only to German and Austrian Jews, and were not always observed even for them. "[49], The situation of people who were half or quarter Jews, and of Jews who were married to non-Jews, was more complex. [34] Somewhere around this time, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately, rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight. [62][d] Josef Bühler, State Secretary of the General Government, stated his support for the plan and his hope that the killings would commence as soon as possible. The Reich government declared war on the U.S. on 11 December. Paris fiel am 14. "In Romania the government has [now] appointed a commissioner for Jewish affairs", Heydrich said. Mit einer Dauer von 1 bis 8 Stunden ist für jeden Wunsch etwas dabei. They were not to be verbatim: Eichmann ensured that nothing too explicit appeared in them. It was not until 1947 that Luther's copy (number 16 out of 30 copies prepared) was found by Robert Kempner, a U.S. prosecutor in the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, in files that had been seized from the German Foreign Office. This was indeed the crucial result of the meeting and the main reason why Heydrich had detailed minutes prepared and widely circulated", said Longerich. Then followed about thirty minutes of questions and comments, followed by some less formal conversation. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. Im besetzten Polen begann nach der Wannsee-Konferenz 1942 die systematische Deportation, Versklavung und Ermordung von Juden aus ganz Europa. The Wannsee House, site of the conference, is now a Holocaust memorial. [46] This information was taken from a briefing paper prepared for him the previous week by Eichmann. At some still undetermined time in 1941, Adolf Hitler authorized this European-wide scheme for mass murder. [13] Members of the SS, the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces), and the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police; Orpo) also shot civilians during the Polish campaign. [60] Otto Hofmann (head of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office; RuSHA) and Wilhelm Stuckart (State Secretary of the Reich Interior Ministry) pointed out the legalistic and administrative difficulties over mixed marriages, and suggested compulsory dissolution of mixed marriages or the wider use of sterilisation as a simpler alternative. [43][b] The numbers reflect the estimated Jewish population within each country; for example, Estonia is listed as Judenfrei (free of Jews), since the 4,500 Jews who remained in Estonia after the German occupation had been exterminated by the end of 1941.
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